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The Nobel Century

  • 1 Townes, Charles Hard

    [br]
    b. 28 July 1915 Greenville, South Carolina, USA
    [br]
    American physicist who developed the maser and contributed to the development of the laser.
    [br]
    Charles H.Townes entered Furman University, Greenville, at the early age of 16 and in 1935 obtained a BA in modern languages and a BS in physics. After a year of postgraduate study at Duke University, he received a master's degree in physics in 1936. He then went on to the California Institute of Technology, where he obtained a PhD in 1939. From 1939 to 1947 he worked at the Bell Telephone Laboratories, mainly on airborne radar, although he also did some work on radio astronomy. In 1948 he joined Columbia University as Associate Professor of Physics and in 1950 was appointed a full professor. He was Director of the University's Radiation Laboratory from 1950 to 1952, and from 1952 to 1955 he was Chairman of the Physics Department.
    To meet the need for an oscillator generating very short wavelength electromagnetic radiation, Townes in 1951 realized that use could be made of the different natural energy levels of atoms and molecules. The practical application of this idea was achieved in his laboratory in 1953 using ammonia gas to make the device known as a maser (an acronym of microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). The maser was developed in the next few years and in 1958, in a joint paper with his brother-in-law Arthur L. Schawlow, Townes suggested the possibility of a further development into optical frequencies or an optical maser, later known as a laser (an acronym of light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). Two years later the first such device was made by Theodore H. Maiman.
    In 1959 Townes was given leave from Columbia University to serve as Vice-President and Director of Research at the Institute for Defense Analyses until 1961. He was then appointed Provost and Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1967 he became University Professor of Physics at the University of California, where he has extended his research interests in the field of microwave and infra-red astronomy. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the American Astronomical Society.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Nobel Prize for Physics 1964. Foreign Member, Royal Society of London. President, American Physical Society 1967. Townes has received many awards from American and other scientific societies and institutions and honorary degrees from more than twenty universities.
    Bibliography
    Townes is the author of many scientific papers and, with Arthur L.Schawlow, of
    Microwave Spectroscopy (1955).
    1980, entry, McGraw-Hill Modern Scientists and Engineers, Part 3, New York, pp. 227– 8 (autobiography).
    1991, entry, The Nobel Century, London, p. 106 (autobiography).
    Further Reading
    T.Wasson (ed.), 1987, Nobel Prize Winners, New York, pp. 1,071–3 (contains a short biography).
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Townes, Charles Hard

  • 2 Literature

       The earliest known examples of literary writing in the Portuguese language is a collection of songbooks ( cancioneiros) that date from the 12th century, written by anonymous court troubadours, aristocrats, and clerics with poetic and musical talent. In the 13th and 14th centuries, ballads ( romanceiros) became popular at court. One of these written after the battle of Aljubarrota is considered to be the Portuguese equivalent of the English Arthurian legend. Literary prose in Portuguese began in the 14th century, with the compilation of chronicles ( chrónicos) written by Fernão Lopes de Castenhada who was commissioned by King Duarte (1430-38) to write a history of the House of Aviz.
       During the 15th and 16th centuries, Portuguese chroniclers turned their attention to the discoveries and the Portuguese overseas empire. The Portuguese discoveries in India and Asia were chronicled by João de Barros, whose writing appeared posthumously under the pen name of Diogo Do Couto; Fernão Lopes de Castenhade wrote a 10-volume chronicle of the Portuguese in India. The most famous chronicle from this period was the Peregrinação (Pilgrimage), a largely true adventure story and history of Portugal that was as popular among 17th-century readers in Iberia as was Miguel de Cer-vantes's Don Quixote. Portugal's most celebrated work of national literature, The Lusiads ( Os Lusíadas), written by Luís de Camões chronicled Vasco da Gama's voyage to India (1497-99) within the context of the history of Portugal.
       During the period when Portugal was under Spanish domination (1580-1640), the preferred language of literary expression was Castilian Spanish. The greatest writer of this period was Francisco Manuel de Melo, who wrote in Castilian and Portuguese. His most famous work is an eyewitness account of the 1640 Catalan revolt against Castile, Historia de los Movimientos y Separación de Cata-luna (1645), which allowed the Portuguese monarchy to regain its independence that same year.
       Little of note was written during the 17th century with the exception of Letters of a Portuguese Nun, an enormously popular work in the French language thought to have been written by Sister Mariana Alcoforado to a French officer Noel Bouton, Marquise de Chamilly.
       Modern Portuguese writing began in the early 19th century with the appearance of the prose-fiction of João Baptista de Almeida Garrett and the historian-novelist Alexandre Herculano. The last half of the 19th century was dominated by the Generation of 1870, which believed that Portugal was, due to the monarchy and the Catholic Church, a European backwater. Writers such as José Maria Eça de Queirós dissected the social decadence of their day and called for reform and national renewal. The most famous Portuguese poet of the 20th century is, without doubt, Fernando Pessoa, who wrote poetry and essays in English and Portuguese under various names. António Ferro (1895-1956) published best-selling accounts of the right-wing dictatorships in Italy and Spain that endeared him to Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar, who made him the Estado Novo's secretary of national propaganda.
       The various responses of the Portuguese people to the colonial African wars (1961-75) were chronicled by António Lobo Antunes. In 1998, the noted Portuguese novelist, poet, essayist, and travel writer, José Saramago was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, the first writer in the Portuguese language of whatever nationality to be so honored. His most famous novels translated into English include: Baltazar and Blimunda (1987), The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis (1991), and The History of the Siege of Lisbon (1996).

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Literature

  • 3 Bardeen, John

    [br]
    b. 23 May 1908 Madison, Wisconsin, USA
    d. 30 January 1991 Boston, Massachusetts, USA
    [br]
    American physicist, the first to win the Nobel Prize for Physics twice.
    [br]
    Born the son of a professor of anatomy, he studied electrical engineering at the University of Wisconsin. He then worked for three years as a geophysicist at the Gulf Research Laboratories before taking a PhD in mathematical physics at Princeton, where he was a graduate student. For some time he held appointments at the University of Minnesota and at Harvard, and during the Second World War he joined the US Naval Ordnance Laboratory. In 1945 he joined the Bell Telephone Laboratories to head a new department to work on solid-state devices. While there, he and W.H. Brattain in 1948 published a paper that introduced the transistor. For this he, Brattain and Shockley won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1956. In 1951 he moved to the University of Illinois as Professor of Physics and Electrical Engineering. There he worked on superconductivity, a phenomenon described in 1911 by Kamerling-Onnes. Bardeen worked with L.N. Cooper and J.A.Schrieffer, and in 1972 they were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for the "BCS Theory", which suggested that, under certain circumstances at very low temperatures, electrons can form bound pairs.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Nobel Prize for Physics (jointly with Brattain and Shockley) 1956, (jointly with Cooper and Schrieffer) 1972.
    Further Reading
    Isaacs and E.Martin (eds), 1985, Longmans Dictionary of 20th Century Biography.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Bardeen, John

  • 4 Egas Moniz, DR. Antônio Caetano

    (1874-1955)
       Pioneer physician and neurosurgeon, sometime republican political figure, and minister during the First Republic, and Portugal's only Nobel Prize winner until 1998 (when the Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to José Saramago). Trained as a doctor at Coimbra University's medical school, Egas Moniz was named a professor in 1902. In 1911, after having studied at several clinics in France, he was transferred to the Chair of Neurology at the University of Lisbon.
       In 1903, he began his involvement in politics when he was elected a deputy to the monarchy's parliament. During the early and middle phases of the First Republic, Egas Moniz became one of the more important moderate republican personalities in the Constituent Assembly, a leading member of José Almeida's Evolutionist Party, a founder of the Centrist Party, and a staunch supporter of presidentialism and President Sidônio Pais. In a sense a prophet without honor during some of the more difficult phases of the turbulent republic, Egas Moniz was Portugal's minister to Spain in 1917-18, then minister of foreign affairs. During 1919, he headed Portugal's delegation to the Versailles Peace Conference. Exhausted and disillusioned with politics and government service by mid-1919, he devoted the remainder of his active life to medical practice and neurological research and writing.
       In 1927, after intensive experimentation, Egas Moniz performed the first cerebral angiography on a patient; this X-ray provided vital information on the brain in terms of blood circulation within it, the most significant finding in half a century. In 1935, he pioneered a new type of brain operation. His great contributions to medicine and to neurosurgery were finally recognized in 1949, when he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for the discovery of the uses of leucotomy in certain psychoses. His two fascinating memoirs ( Confidencias de um Investigador Científico, 1949, and A Nossa Casa, 1950) are among the more significant and prescient of Portuguese memorial works in modern times. A tenacious collector of plastic arts, his collection is housed in the Egas Moniz House-Museum at Avança (near Aveiro), northern Portugal, and other memorabilia related to this outstanding scientist are located in the Egas Moniz Museum, Lisbon.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Egas Moniz, DR. Antônio Caetano

  • 5 East Timor

       Colony of Portugal from the 16th century to December 1975, with an area of 40,000 square kilometers (18,989 square miles). East Timor is located on the eastern portion of the island of Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. From 1975 to August 1999, when it was forcibly annexed and occupied by Indonesia, until May 2002, when it achieved full independence, East Timor was, in effect, a ward of the United Nations.
       In the 16th century, the Portuguese established trading posts on the island, but for centuries few Portuguese settled there, and the "colony" remained isolated and neglected. After the Dutch won control of Indonesia, there was a territorial dispute with Portugal as to who "owned" what on the island of Timor. In 1859, this question was decided as the Dutch and Portuguese governments formally divided the island into a Dutch portion (west) and the Portuguese colony (east) and established the frontier. From the late 19th century to World War I, Portugal consolidated its control of East Timor by means of military campaigns against the Timorese tribes. In addition to colonial officials, a few Portuguese missionaries and merchants occupied East Timor, but few Portuguese ever settled there.
       East Timor's geographic location close to the north coast of Australia and its sharing of one island in the Dutch colony catapulted it into world affairs early in World War II. To forestall a Japanese invasion of Timor, a joint Dutch-Australian expedition landed on 17 December 1941; the Portuguese authorities neither resisted nor cooperated. In February 1942, when Japanese troops landed in Timor, the small allied force fled to the hills and later was evacuated to Australia. Japan occupied all of Timor and the remainder of the Dutch East Indies until Japan's surrender in September 1945. Portugal soon reassumed control.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, East Timorese nationalist parties hoped for rapid decolonization and independence with Lisbon's cooperation. But on 28 November 1975, before a preoccupied Portugal could work out a formal transfer of power, the Revolutionary Front of Independent East Timor (FRETILIN), then in control of the former colony's capital, declared independence, and, on 7 December 1975, Indonesian armed forces swiftly invaded, occupied, and annexed East Timor. In the following years, a tragic loss of life occurred. Portugal refused to recognize Indonesia's sovereignty over East Timor and claimed legal sovereignty before the United Nations.
       As Indonesia persistently and brutally suppressed Timorese nationalist resistance, world media attention focused on this still remote island. Several sensational international and Indonesian events altered the status of occupied East Timor, following the continuation of FRETILIN guerrilla resistance. In November 1991, world media disseminated information on the Indonesian forces' slaughter of East Timorese protesters at a cemetery demonstration in the capital of Dili. In 1996, two East Timorese, Bishop Belo and José Ramos Horta, each a symbol of East Timorese resistance and the desire for independence, shared the Nobel Peace Prize. Then, in 1998, in Indonesia, the Suharto regime collapsed and was replaced by a more democratic government, which in January 1999 pledged a free referendum in East Timor. On 30 August 1999, the referendum was held, and nearly 80 percent of the East Timorese voters voted for independence from Indonesia.
       However, Indonesian armed forces and militias reacted brutally, using intimidation, murder, mayhem, and razing of buildings to try to reverse the people's will. Following some weeks of confusion, a United Nations (UN) armed forces, led by Australia, took control of East Timor and declared it a UN protectorate, to last until East Timor was secure from Indonesian aggression and prepared for full independence. East Timor had changed from a Portuguese colony to an Indonesian protectorate/colony to a fledgling nation-in-the-making.
       The status of East Timor as a ward of the UN was made official on 25 October 1999, as the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor began to prepare the country for independence. Appalling conditions prevailed: 70 percent of the country's buildings had been destroyed and nearly half of the population of 800,000 had been driven out of East Timor into uneasy refuge in West Timor, under Indonesian control. A territory without an economy, East Timor lacked police, civil servants, schools, and government records.
       With UN assistance, general elections were held in the spring of 2002; the majority of parliamentary seats were won by FRETILIN, and José "Xanana" Gusmão was elected the first president. On 20 May 2002, East Timor became independent. World luminaries adorned the independence celebrations: UN secretary-general Kofi Annan, former U.S. president Bill Clinton, and other celebrities attended. But East Timor's travails continued with civil strife and uncertainty.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > East Timor

  • 6 Fermi, Enrico

    [br]
    b. 29 September 1901 Rome, Italy
    d. 28 November 1954 Chicago, USA
    [br]
    Italian nuclear physicist.
    [br]
    Fermi was one of the most versatile of twentieth-century physicists, one of the few to excel in both theory and experiment. His greatest theoretical achievements lay in the field of statistics and his theory of beta decay. His statistics, parallel to but independent of Dirac, were the key to the modern theory of metals and the statistical modds of the atomic nucleus. On the experimental side, his most notable discoveries were artificial radioactivity produced by neutron bombardment and the realization of a controlled nuclear chain reaction, in the world's first nuclear reactor.
    Fermi received a conventional education with a chemical bias, but reached proficiency in mathematics and physics largely through his own reading. He studied at Pisa University, where he taught himself modern physics and then travelled to extend his knowledge, spending time with Max Born at Göttingen. On his return to Italy, he secured posts in Florence and, in 1927, in Rome, where he obtained the first Italian Chair in Theoretical Physics, a subject in which Italy had so far lagged behind. He helped to bring about a rebirth of physics in Italy and devoted himself to the application of statistics to his model of the atom. For this work, Fermi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1938, but in December of that year, finding the Fascist regime uncongenial, he transferred to the USA and Columbia University. The news that nuclear fission had been achieved broke shortly before the Second World War erupted and it stimulated Fermi to consider this a way of generating secondary nuclear emission and the initiation of chain reactions. His experiments in this direction led first to the discovery of slow neutrons.
    Fermi's work assumed a more practical aspect when he was invited to join the Manhattan Project for the construction of the first atomic bomb. His small-scale work at Columbia became large-scale at Chicago University. This culminated on 2 December 1942 when the first controlled nuclear reaction took place at Stagg Field, Chicago, an historic event indeed. Later, Fermi spent most of the period from September 1944 to early 1945 at Los Alamos, New Mexico, taking part in the preparations for the first test explosion of the atomic bomb on 16 July 1945. President Truman invited Fermi to serve on his Committee to advise him on the use of the bomb. Then Chicago University established an Institute for Nuclear Studies and offered Fermi a professorship, which he took up early in 1946, spending the rest of his relatively short life there.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Nobel Prize for Physics 1938.
    Bibliography
    1962–5, Collected Papers, ed. E.Segrè et al., 2 vols, Chicago (includes a biographical introduction and bibliography).
    Further Reading
    L.Fermi, 1954, Atoms in the Family, Chicago (a personal account by his wife).
    E.Segrè, 1970, Enrico Fermi, Physicist, Chicago (deals with the more scientific aspects of his life).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Fermi, Enrico

  • 7 Haber, Fritz

    SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology
    [br]
    b. 9 December 1868 Breslau, Germany (now Wroclaw, Poland)
    d. 29 January 1934 Basel, Switzerland
    [br]
    German chemist, inventor of the process for the synthesis of ammonia.
    [br]
    Haber's father was a manufacturer of dyestuffs, so he studied organic chemistry at Berlin and Heidelberg universities to equip him to enter his father's firm. But his interest turned to physical chemistry and remained there throughout his life. He became Assistant at the Technische Hochschule in Karlsruhe in 1894; his first work there was on pyrolysis and electrochemistry, and he published his Grundrisse der technischen Electrochemie in 1898. Haber became famous for thorough and illuminating theoretical studies in areas of growing practical importance. He rose through the academic ranks and was appointed a full professor in 1906. In 1912 he was also appointed Director of the Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry at Dahlem, outside Berlin.
    Early in the twentieth century Haber invented a process for the synthesis of ammonia. The English chemist and physicist Sir William Crookes (1832–1919) had warned of the danger of mass hunger because the deposits of Chilean nitrate were becoming exhausted and nitrogenous fertilizers would not suffice for the world's growing population. A solution lay in the use of the nitrogen in the air, and the efforts of chemists centred on ways of converting it to usable nitrate. Haber was aware of contemporary work on the fixation of nitrogen by the cyanamide and arc processes, but in 1904 he turned to the study of ammonia formation from its elements, nitrogen and hydrogen. During 1907–9 Haber found that the yield of ammonia reached an industrially viable level if the reaction took place under a pressure of 150–200 atmospheres and a temperature of 600°C (1,112° F) in the presence of a suitable catalyst—first osmium, later uranium. He devised an apparatus in which a mixture of the gases was pumped through a converter, in which the ammonia formed was withdrawn while the unchanged gases were recirculated. By 1913, Haber's collaborator, Carl Bosch had succeeded in raising this laboratory process to the industrial scale. It was the first successful high-pressure industrial chemical process, and solved the nitrogen problem. The outbreak of the First World War directed the work of the institute in Dahlem to military purposes, and Haber was placed in charge of chemical warfare. In this capacity, he developed poisonous gases as well as the means of defence against them, such as gas masks. The synthetic-ammonia process was diverted to produce nitric acid for explosives. The great benefits and achievement of the Haber-Bosch process were recognized by the award in 1919 of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, but on account of Haber's association with chemical warfare, British, French and American scientists denounced the award; this only added to the sense of bitterness he already felt at his country's defeat in the war. He concentrated on the theoretical studies for which he was renowned, in particular on pyrolysis and autoxidation, and both the Karlsruhe and the Dahlem laboratories became international centres for discussion and research in physical chemistry.
    With the Nazi takeover in 1933, Haber found that, as a Jew, he was relegated to second-class status. He did not see why he should appoint staff on account of their grandmothers instead of their ability, so he resigned his posts and went into exile. For some months he accepted hospitality in Cambridge, but he was on his way to a new post in what is now Israel when he died suddenly in Basel, Switzerland.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1898, Grundrisse der technischen Electrochemie.
    1927, Aus Leben und Beruf.
    Further Reading
    J.E.Coates, 1939, "The Haber Memorial Lecture", Journal of the Chemical Society: 1,642–72.
    M.Goran, 1967, The Story of Fritz Haber, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press (includes a complete list of Haber's works).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Haber, Fritz

  • 8 Brattain, Walter Houser

    [br]
    b. 10 February 1902 Amoy, China (now Hsiamen)
    d. 13 October 1987 Seattle, Washington, USA
    [br]
    American physicist and co-inventor of the transistor.
    [br]
    Born of American parents in China, he was brought up on a cattle-ranch and graduated from Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington, in 1924. He then went to the University of Minnesota, where he obtained a PhD in 1929. The same year he joined the staff of Bell Telephone Laboratories as a research physicist and there, during the First World War, he worked on the magnetic detection of submarines. For his work on the invention and development of the transistor, he was awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize for Physics jointly with John Bardeen and William Shockley. He retired in 1967. His interests have been concentrated on the properties of semiconductors such as germanium and silicon.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Nobel Prize for Physics (jointly with Bardeen and Shockley) 1956.
    Further Reading
    Isaacs and E.Martin (eds), 1985, Longmans Dictionary of 20th Century Biography.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Brattain, Walter Houser

  • 9 name

    1. noun
    1) Name, der

    what's your name/the name of this place? — wie heißt du/dieser Ort?

    my name is Jack — ich heiße Jack; mein Name ist Jack

    no one of or by that name — niemand mit diesem Namen od. (geh.) dieses Namens

    last name — Zuname, der, Nachname, der

    by name — namentlich [erwähnen, aufrufen usw.]

    know somebody by name/by name only — jemanden mit Namen/nur dem Namen nach kennen

    that's the name of the game — (coll.) darum geht es

    put one's/somebody's name down for something — sich/jemanden für etwas vormerken lassen

    put one's/somebody's name down on the waiting list — sich auf die Warteliste setzen lassen/jemanden auf die Warteliste setzen

    in name [only] — [nur] auf dem Papier

    in all but name — im Grunde genommen

    2) (reputation) Ruf, der

    make a name for oneself — sich (Dat.) einen Namen machen

    make one's/somebody's name — berühmt werden/jemanden berühmt machen

    clear one's/somebody's name — seine/jemandes Unschuld beweisen

    3)

    call somebody names — (abuse) jemanden beschimpfen

    4) (famous person) Name, der

    many great or big names — viele namhafte Persönlichkeiten; viele Größen

    5) attrib.

    name brand — Markenartikel, der

    2. transitive verb
    1) (give name to) einen Namen geben (+ Dat.)

    name a ship "Mary" — ein Schiff [auf den Namen] "Mary" taufen

    name somebody/something after or (Amer.) for somebody — jemanden/etwas nach jemandem benennen

    a man named Smith — ein Mann namens od. mit Namen Smith

    2) (call by right name) benennen
    3) (nominate) ernennen

    name somebody [as] something — jemanden zu etwas ernennen

    4) (mention) nennen; (specify) benennen

    name the day — (choose wedding day) den Tag der Hochzeit festsetzen

    to name but a few — um nur einige zu nennen

    we were given champagne, oysters, you name it — wir kriegten Champagner, Austern, und, und, und

    * * *
    [neim] 1. noun
    1) (a word by which a person, place or thing is called: My name is Rachel; She knows all the flowers by name.) der Name
    2) (reputation; fame: He has a name for honesty.) der Ruf
    2. verb
    1) (to give a name to: They named the child Thomas.) nennen
    2) (to speak of or list by name: He could name all the kings of England.) benennen
    •
    - academic.ru/48953/nameless">nameless
    - namely
    - nameplate
    - namesake
    - call someone names
    - call names
    - in the name of
    - make a name for oneself
    - name after
    * * *
    [neɪm]
    I. n
    1. (title) Name m
    hello, my \name's Peter hallo, ich heiße Peter
    what's your \name? wie heißen Sie?
    her full name is... ihr voller Name lautet...
    first \name Vorname m
    last \name Familienname m, Nachname m
    to call sb \names jdn beschimpfen
    some of the kids had been calling her \names ein paar von den anderen Kindern hatten ihr Schimpfwörter nachgerufen
    to write one's last \name down first seinen Familiennamen zuerst angeben
    by \name dem Namen nach
    they were listed by \name and country of origin die Studenten waren dem Namen und Heimatland nach aufgelistet
    in the business world he goes by the \name of J. Walter Fortune ( form) in der Geschäftswelt kennt man ihn unter dem Namen J. Walter Fortune
    in all but \name de facto
    she is vice-president in all but \name de facto ist sie die Vizepräsidentin
    in \name only nur nominell [o dem Namen nach]
    to do sth in the \name of sb [or to do sth in sb's \name] etw in jds Namen tun
    I reserved by phone yesterday in the \name of Tremin ich habe gestern telefonisch auf den Namen Tremin reservieren lassen
    the union is taking action in our \name die Gewerkschaft unternimmt Schritte in unserem Namen
    in the \name of freedom and justice im Namen von Freiheit und Gerechtigkeit
    in God's [or heaven's] \name um Himmels willen
    what in God's \name caused that outburst? was um Himmels willen hat diesen Ausbruch verursacht?
    under the \name of... unter dem Pseudonym...
    2. (denoting an object or concept)
    name of the article/account Bezeichnung f des Artikels/Kontos
    3. no pl (reputation) Name m, Ruf m
    if this project fails our \name will be mud wenn dieses Projekt fehlschlägt, wird unser Ruf ruiniert sein
    to be a big/an important \name zu den großen/bedeutenden Persönlichkeiten zählen
    a good/bad \name ein guter/schlechter Ruf
    he developed a bad \name er hat sich einen schlechten Ruf eingehandelt
    to give sb/sth a good \name jdm/etw einen guten Ruf verschaffen
    to give sb/sth a bad \name jdn/etw in Verruf bringen
    to clear one's \name seinen Namen reinwaschen
    to have a \name for sth für etw akk bekannt sein
    to make a \name for oneself sich dat einen Namen machen
    he has made a \name for himself as a talented journalist er hat als talentierter Journalist von sich reden gemacht
    4. BRIT ECON Lloyd's Mitglied
    5.
    ▶ a \name to conjure with ein Name, der Wunder wirkt
    Wutherington-Smythe, my goodness, that's a \name to conjure with! meine Güte, Wutherington-Smythe, das ist ein Name, der Eindruck macht
    ▶ the \name of the game das, worauf es ankommt
    financial survival is the \name of the game was zählt, ist das finanzielle Überleben
    ▶ without a penny [or cent] to one's \name ohne einen Pfennig
    he has not a penny to his \name er ist völlig mittellos
    ▶ to take sb's \name in vain jds Namen missbrauchen
    II. vt
    ▪ to \name sb jdm einen Namen geben
    they \named their little boy Philip sie nannten ihren kleinen Sohn Philip
    ▪ to \name sb after [or AM for] sb jdn nach jdm [be]nennen
    Paul was \named after his grandfather Paul wurde nach seinem Großvater benannt
    ▪ to \name sth after [or AM for] sb etw nach jdm benennen
    ▪ to \name sb/sth jdn/etw nennen
    \name three types of monkey geben Sie drei Affenarten an
    ▪ to \name sb/sth jdn/etw nennen
    to \name the time and the place [die] Zeit und [den] Ort nennen
    you \name it was auch immer Sie wollen
    gin, vodka, whisky, beer — you \name it, I've got it Gin, Wodka, Whisky, Bier — was [immer] Sie wünschen, ich führe es
    ▪ to \name sb sth jdn zu etw dat ernennen
    she has been \named the new Democratic candidate sie ist als neuer Kandidat der Demokraten aufgestellt worden
    * * *
    [neɪm]
    1. n
    1) Name m

    what's your name? — wie heißen Sie?, wie ist Ihr Name? (form)

    my name is... — ich heiße..., mein Name ist... (form)

    this man, Smith by name — dieser Mann namens Smith

    a man ( going) by the name of Gunn — ein Mann namens or mit Namen Gunn

    to refer to sb/sth by name —

    a marriage in name only —

    fill in your name(s) and address(es) —

    they married to give the child a name — sie haben geheiratet, damit das Kind einen Namen hatte

    what name shall I say? — wie ist Ihr Name, bitte?; (on telephone) wer ist am Apparat?; (before showing sb in) wen darf ich melden?

    stop in the name of the law in the name of goodness/God — halt, im Namen des Gesetzes um Himmels/Gottes willen

    what in God's name... — was in Gottes Namen...

    I'll put my/your name down (on list, in register etc) — ich trage mich/dich ein; (for school, class, excursion, competition etc) ich melde mich/dich an (for zu, for a school in einer Schule); (for tickets, goods etc) ich lasse mich/dich vormerken; (on waiting list) ich lasse mich or meinen Namen/dich or deinen Namen auf die Warteliste setzen

    I'll put your name down, Sir/Madam — ich werde Sie vormerken

    you can call me all the names you like... — du kannst mich nennen, was du willst...

    not to have a penny/cent to one's name — völlig pleite sein (inf), keinen roten Heller haben (dated)

    what's in a name? — was ist or bedeutet schon ein Name?, Name ist Schall und Rauch (Prov)

    I'll do it or my name's not Bob Brown — ich mache das, so wahr ich Bob Brown heiße

    2) (= reputation) Name m, Ruf m

    to have a good/bad name — einen guten/schlechten Ruf or Namen haben

    to make one's name as, to make a name for oneself as — sich (dat) einen Namen machen als

    3) (= important person) Persönlichkeit f
    4) (Brit: Lloyd's investor) Lloyd's-Gesellschafter(in) m(f)
    2. vt
    1) (= call by a name, give a name to) person nennen; plant, new star etc benennen, einen Namen geben (+dat); ship taufen, einen Namen geben (+dat)

    I name this child/ship X —

    to name sb as a witness —

    he was named as the thief/culprit/victim — er wurde als der Dieb/der Schuldige/das Opfer genannt or bezeichnet

    2) (= appoint, nominate) ernennen

    to name sb mayor/as leader —

    3)

    (= describe, designate) to name sb (as) sth — jdn als etw bezeichnen

    4) (= specify, list) nennen

    name the date and I'll be there — bestimmen Sie den Tag, und ich werde da sein

    you name it, they have it/he's done it — es gibt nichts, was sie nicht haben/was er noch nicht gemacht hat

    * * *
    name [neım]
    A v/t
    1. (be)nennen ( after, US auch for nach), einen Namen geben (dat):
    he had a street named after him nach ihm wurde eine Straße benannt
    2. mit Namen nennen, beim Namen nennen
    3. nennen, erwähnen, anführen:
    name but one um nur einen zu nennen;
    you name it, it’s in this car es gibt nichts, was es in diesem Wagen nicht gibt;
    name names Namen nennen
    4. a) ernennen zu
    b) nominieren, vorschlagen ( beide:
    for für)
    c) wählen zu
    d) benennen, bekannt geben
    5. ein Datum etc festsetzen, bestimmen: how much do you want for this car? name your own price wie viel wollen Sie denn zahlen?, was ist er Ihnen denn wert?
    6. PARL Br zur Ordnung rufen
    B adj
    1. Namen(s)…
    2. US berühmt
    C s
    1. Name m:
    what is your name? wie heißen Sie?
    2. Name m, Bezeichnung f, Benennung f
    3. Schimpfname m:
    a) jemanden beschimpfen,
    b) jemanden verspotten
    4. Name m, Ruf m:
    5. (berühmter) Name, (guter) Ruf, Ruhm m:
    a man of name ein Mann von Ruf
    6. Name m, Berühmtheit f, berühmte Persönlichkeit:
    the great names of our century die großen Namen unseres Jahrhunderts
    7. a) Sippe f, Geschlecht n, Familie f
    b) Rasse f
    c) Volk nBesondere Redewendungen: by name
    a) mit Namen, namentlich,
    b) namens,
    c) dem Namen nach;
    call sth by its proper name etwas beim richtigen Namen nennen;
    mention by name namentlich erwähnen;
    a) jemanden mit Namen kennen,
    b) jemanden nur dem Namen nach kennen;
    by ( oder under) the name of A. unter dem Namen A.;
    a man by ( oder of) the name of A. ein Mann namens A.;
    in name only nur dem Namen nach;
    in all ( oder everything) but name wenn auch nicht dem Namen nach;
    a) um (gen) willen,
    b) im Namen (gen),
    c) unter dem Namen (gen),
    d) auf den Namen (gen);
    in the name of the law im Namen des Gesetzes;
    in one’s own name in eigenem Namen;
    be in sb’s name auf jemandes Namen eingetragen oder zugelassen sein;
    be a name in show business einen Namen im Showbusiness haben;
    get a bad name in Verruf kommen;
    I haven’t got a penny to my name ich besitze keinen Pfennig;
    give one’s name seinen Namen nennen;
    give it a name! umg (he)raus damit!, sagen Sie, was Sie wollen!;
    give sb a bad name jemanden in Verruf bringen;
    give a dog a bad name (and hang him) (Sprichwort) einmal in Verruf, immer in Verruf;
    have a bad name in schlechtem Ruf stehen ( among bei);
    have a name for being a coward im Rufe stehen oder dafür bekannt sein, ein Feigling zu sein;
    make one’s name, make a name for o.s., make o.s. a name sich einen Namen machen (as als; by durch);
    put one’s name down for
    a) kandidieren für,
    b) sich anmelden für,
    c) sich vormerken lassen für;
    send in one’s name sich (an)melden;
    he had his name taken SPORT er wurde verwarnt;
    what’s in a name? was bedeutet schon ein Name?, Namen sind Schall und Rauch;
    be the name of the game das Wichtigste sein; das sein, worauf es ankommt;
    profit is the name of the game in business im Geschäftsleben dreht sich alles um Gewinn
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) Name, der

    what's your name/the name of this place? — wie heißt du/dieser Ort?

    my name is Jack — ich heiße Jack; mein Name ist Jack

    no one of or by that name — niemand mit diesem Namen od. (geh.) dieses Namens

    last name — Zuname, der, Nachname, der

    by name — namentlich [erwähnen, aufrufen usw.]

    know somebody by name/by name only — jemanden mit Namen/nur dem Namen nach kennen

    that's the name of the game — (coll.) darum geht es

    put one's/somebody's name down for something — sich/jemanden für etwas vormerken lassen

    put one's/somebody's name down on the waiting list — sich auf die Warteliste setzen lassen/jemanden auf die Warteliste setzen

    in name [only] — [nur] auf dem Papier

    2) (reputation) Ruf, der

    make a name for oneself — sich (Dat.) einen Namen machen

    make one's/somebody's name — berühmt werden/jemanden berühmt machen

    clear one's/somebody's name — seine/jemandes Unschuld beweisen

    3)

    call somebody names — (abuse) jemanden beschimpfen

    4) (famous person) Name, der

    many great or big names — viele namhafte Persönlichkeiten; viele Größen

    5) attrib.

    name brand — Markenartikel, der

    2. transitive verb
    1) (give name to) einen Namen geben (+ Dat.)

    name a ship "Mary" — ein Schiff [auf den Namen] "Mary" taufen

    name somebody/something after or (Amer.) for somebody — jemanden/etwas nach jemandem benennen

    a man named Smith — ein Mann namens od. mit Namen Smith

    3) (nominate) ernennen

    name somebody [as] something — jemanden zu etwas ernennen

    4) (mention) nennen; (specify) benennen

    name the day — (choose wedding day) den Tag der Hochzeit festsetzen

    we were given champagne, oysters, you name it — wir kriegten Champagner, Austern, und, und, und

    * * *
    n.
    Name -n m. v.
    benennen v.
    heißen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: hieß, geheißen)
    nennen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: nannte, genannt)

    English-german dictionary > name

  • 10 INTRODUCTION

       For a small country perched on the edge of western Europe but with an early history that began more than 2,000 years ago, there is a vast bibliography extant in many languages. Since general reference works with bibliography on Portugal are few, both principal and minor works are included. In the first edition, works in English, and a variety of Portuguese language works that are counted as significant if not always classic, were included. In the second and third editions, more works in Portuguese are added.
       It is appropriate that most of the works cited in some sections of the bibliograpy are in English, but this pattern should be put in historical perspective. Since the late 1950s, the larger proportion of foreign-language works on Portugal and the Portuguese have been in English. But this was not the case before World War II. As a whole, there were more studies in French, with a smaller number in German, Italian, and Spanish, than in English. Most of the materials published today on all aspects of this topic continue to be in Portuguese, but English-language works have come to outnumber the other non-Portuguese language studies. In addition to books useful to a variety of students, a selection of classic works of use to the visitor, tourist, and foreign resident of Portugal, as well as to those interested in Portuguese communities overseas, have been included.
       Readers will note that publishers' names are omitted from some Portuguese citations as well as from a number of French works. There are several reasons for this. First, in many of the older sources, publishers no longer exist and are difficult to trace. Second, the names of the publishers have been changed in some cases and are also difficult to trace. Third, in many older books and periodicals, printers' names but not publishers were cited, and identifying the publishers is virtually impossible.
       Some recommended classic titles for beginners are in historical studies: José Hermano Saraiva, Portugal: A Companion History (1997); A. H. de Oliveira Marques, History of Portugal (1976 ed.), general country studies in two different historical eras: Sarah Bradford, Portugal (1973) and Marion Kaplan, The Portuguese: The Land and Its People (2002 and later editions); political histories, Antônio de Figueiredo, Portugal: Fifty Years of Dictatorship (1975) and Douglas L. Wheeler, Republican Portugal: A Political History ( 1910-1926) (1978; 1998). On Portugal's Revolution of 25 April 1974 and contemporary history and politics: Kenneth Maxwell, The Making of Portuguese Democracy (1995); Phil Mailer, The Impossible Revolution (1977); Richard A. H. Robinson, Contemporary Portugal: A History (1979); Lawrence S. Graham and Douglas L. Wheeler (eds.), In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences (1983); Lawrence S. Graham and Harry M. Makler (eds.), Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and its Antecedents (1979). On contemporary Portuguese society, see Antonio Costa Pinto (ed.), Contemporary Portugal: Politics, Society, Culture (2003).
       Enduring works on the history of Portugal's overseas empire include: C. R. Boxer, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825 (1969 and later editions); and Bailey W. Diffie and George Winius, The Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580 (1977); on Portugal and the Age of Discoveries: Charles Ley (ed.), Portuguese Voyages 1498-1663 (2003). For a new portrait of the country's most celebrated figure of the Age of Discoveries, see Peter Russell, Prince Henry 'The Navigator': A Life (2000). A still useful geographical study about a popular tourist region is Dan Stanislawski's Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve (1963). A fine introduction to a region of rural southern Portugal is José Cutileiro's A Portuguese Rural Society (1971).
       Early travel account classics are Almeida Garrett, Travels in My Homeland (1987) and William Beckford, Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcobaca and Batalha (1969 and later editions). On travel and living in Portugal, see Susan Lowndes Marques and Ann Bridge, The Selective Traveller in Portugal (1968 and later editions); David Wright and Patrick Swift, Lisbon: A Portrait and Guide (1968 and later editions); Sam Ballard and Jane Ballard, Pousadas of Portugal (1986); Richard Hewitt, A Cottage in Portugal (1996);
       Ian Robertson, Portugal: The Blue Guide (1988 and later editions); and Anne de Stoop, Living in Portugal (1995). Fine reads on some colorful, foreign travellers in Portugal are found in Rose Macauley, They Went to Portugal (1946 and later editions) and They Went to Portugal Too (1990). An attractive blend of historical musing and current Portugal is found in Paul Hyland's, Backing Out of the Big World: Voyage to Portugal (1996); Datus Proper's The Last Old Place: A Search through Portugal (1992); and Portugal's 1998 Nobel Prize winner in Literature, José Sarmago, writes in Journey through Portugal (2001).
       For aspects of Portuguese literature in translation, see Aubrey F. G. Bell, The Oxford Book of Portuguese Verse (1952 edition by B. Vidigal); José Maria Eça de Queirós, The Maias (2007 and earlier editions); and José Sara-mago's Baltasar and Blimunda (1985 and later editions), as well as many other novels by this, Portugal's most celebrated living novelist. See also Landeg White's recent translation of the national 16th century epic of Luis de Camóes, The Lusiads (1997). A classic portrait of the arts in Portugal during the country's imperial age is Robert C. Smith's The Art of Portugal, 1500-1800 (1968).
       For those who plan to conduct research in Portugal, the premier collection of printed books, periodicals, and manuscripts is housed in the country's national library, the Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, in Lisbon. Other important collections are found in the libraries of the major universities in Coimbra, Lisbon, and Oporto, and in a number of foundations and societies. For the history of the former colonial empire, the best collection of printed materials remains in the library of Lisbon's historic Geography Society, the Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa, Lisbon; and for documents there is the state-run colonial archives, the Arquivo Historico Ultramarino, in Restelo, near Lisbon. Other government records are deposited in official archives, such as those for foreign relations in the archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, housed in Necessidades Palace, Lisbon.
       For researchers in North America, the best collections of printed materials on Portugal are housed in the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; New York Public Library, New York City; Newberry Library, Chicago, Illinois; and in university libraries including those of Harvard, Yale, Johns Hopkins, Brown, Indiana, Illinois, University of California at Los Angeles, University of California - Berkeley, University of California - Santa Barbara, Stanford, Florida State, Duke, University of New Hampshire, Durham, University of Toronto, University of Ottawa, McGill, and University of British Columbia. Records dealing with Portuguese affairs are found in U.S. government archives, including, for instance, those in the National Archives and Record Service (NARS), housed in Washington, D.C.
       BIBLIOGRAPHIES
       ■ Academia Portuguesa de História. Guia Bibliográfica Histórica Portuguesa. Vol. I-?. Lisbon, 1954-.
       ■ Anselmo, Antônio Joaquim. Bibliografia das bibliografias portuguesas. Lisbon: Biblioteca Nacional, 1923.
       ■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. Portuguese Bibliography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1922.
       ■ Borchardt, Paul. La Bibliographie de l'Angola, 1500-1900. Brussels, 1912. Chilcote, Ronald H., ed. and comp. The Portuguese Revolution of 25 April 1974. Annotated bibliography on the antecedents and aftermath. Coimbra: Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril, Universidade de Coimbra, 1987. Cintra, Maria Adelaide Valle. Bibliografia de textos medievais portugueses. Lisbon: Centro de Estudos Filolôgicos, 1960.
       ■ Costa, Mário. Bibliografia Geral de Moçambique. Lisbon, 1945. Coutinho, Bernardo Xavier da Costa. Bibliographie franco-portugaise: Essai d'une bibliographie chronologique de livres français sur le Portugal. Oporto: Lopes da Silva, 1939.
       ■ Diffie, Bailey W. "A Bibliography of the Principal Published Guides to Portuguese Archives and Libraries," Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Luso-Brazilian Studies. Nashville, Tenn., 1953. Gallagher, Tom. Dictatorial Portugal, 1926-1974: A Bibliography. Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal, 1979.
       ■ Gibson, Mary Jane. Portuguese Africa: A Guide to Official Publications. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1967. Greenlee, William B. "A Descriptive Bibliography of the History of Portugal." Hispanic American Historical Review XX (August 1940): 491-516. Gulbenkian, Fundação Calouste. Boletim Internacional de Bibliografia Luso-Brasileira. Vol. 1-15. Lisbon, 1960-74.
       ■ Instituto Camoes. Faculdade de Letras da Universidade De Coimbra. Repertorio Bibliografico da Historiografia Portuguesa ( 1974-1994). Coimbra:
       ■ Instituto Camoes; Universidade de Coimbra, 1995. Junta De Investigações Científicas Do Ultramar. Bibliografia Da Junta De Investigações Científicas Do Ultramar Sobre Ciências Humanas E Sociais. Lisbon: Junta de Investigações Científicas Do Ultramar, 1975. Kettenring, Norman E., comp. A Bibliography of Theses and Dissertations on Portuguese Topics Completed in the United States and Canada, 1861-1983.
       ■ Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal, 1984. Kunoff, Hugo. Portuguese Literature from Its Origins to 1990: A Bibliography Based on the Collections at Indiana University. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1994.
       ■ Laidlar, John. Lisbon. World Bibliographical Series, Vol. 199. Oxford: ABC-Clio, 1997.. Portugal. World Bibliographical Series, Vol. 71, rev. ed. Oxford: ABC-Clio, 2000.
       ■ Lomax, William. Revolution in Portugal: 1974-1976. A Bibliography. Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal, 1978.
       ■ McCarthy, Joseph M. Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde Islands: A Comprehensive Bibliography. New York: Garland, 1977.
       ■ Moniz, Miguel. Azores. World Bibliographical Series, Vol. 221. Oxford: ABC-Clio, 1999.
       ■ Nunes, José Lúcio, and José Júlio Gonçalves. Bibliografia Histórico-Militar do Ultramar Portugües. Lisbon, 1956. Pélissier, René. Bibliographies sur l'Afrique Luso-Hispanophone 1800-1890.
       ■ Orgeval, France: 1980. Portuguese Studies. London. 1984-. Annual.
       ■ Portuguese Studies Newsletter. No. 1-23 (1976-90). Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal. Semiannual.
       ■ Portuguese Studies Review. Vols. 1-9 (1991-2001). Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal. Semi-Annual.. Vols. 10- (2002-). Durham, N.H.: Trent University; Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.
       ■ Rocha, Natércia. Bibliografia geral da Literatura Portuguesa para Crianças. Lisbon: Edit. Comunicação, 1987.
       ■ Rogers, Francis Millet, and David T. Haberly. Brazil, Portugal and Other Portuguese-Speaking Lands: A List of Books Primarily in English. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968.
       ■ Silva, J. Donald. A Bibliography on the Madeira Islands. Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal, 1987.
       ■ Teixeira, Carlos, and G. Lavigne. Os portugueses no Canadá: Uma bibliografia ( 1953-1996). Lisbon: Direção-Geral dos Assuntos Consulares e Comunidades Portuguesas, 1998.
       ■ University of Coimbra, Faculty of Letters. Bibliografia Anual de História de Portugal. Vol. 1. [sources published beginning in 1989- ] Coimbra: Grupo de História; Faculdade de Letras; Universidade de Coimbra, 1992-.
       ■ Unwin, P. T. H., comp. Portugal. World Bibliographical Series, Vol. 71. Oxford, U.K.: ABC-Clio Press, 1987.
       ■ Viera, David J., et al., comp. The Portuguese in the United States ( Supplement to the 1976 Leo Pap Bibliography). Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal, 1990.
       ■ Welsh, Doris Varner, comp. A Catalogue of the William B. Greenlee Collection of Portuguese History and Literature and the Portuguese Materials in the Newberry Library. Chicago: Newberry Library, 1953.
       ■ Wiarda, Iêda Siqueira, ed. The Handbook of Portuguese Studies. Washington, D.C.: Xlibris, 2000.
       ■ Wilgus, A. Curtis. Latin America, Spain & Portugal: A Selected & Annotated Bibliographical Guide to Books Published 1954-1974. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1977.
       ■ Winius, George. "Bibliographical Essay: A Treasury of Printed Source Materials Pertaining to the XV and XVI Centuries." In George Winius, ed., Portugal, the Pathfinder: Journeys from the Medieval toward the Modern World, 1300-ca. 1600, 373-401. Madison, Wis.: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, 1995.
       ■ PERIODICALS RELATING TO PORTUGAL
       ■ Africana. Oporto. Semiannual.
       ■ Africa Report. New York. Monthly or bimonthly.
       ■ Africa Today. Denver, Colo. Quarterly.
       ■ Agenda Cultural. Lisbon. Monthly.
       ■ Almanaque do Exército. Lisbon, 1912-40.
       ■ American Historical Review. Washington, D.C. Quarterly.
       ■ Anais das Bibliotecas e Arquivos. Lisbon. Annual.
       ■ Análise do sector público administrativo e empresarial. Lisbon. Quarterly. Análise Social. Lisbon. Quarterly.
       ■ Anglo-Portuguese News. Monte Estoril and Lisbon. 1937-2003. Biweekly and weekly.
       ■ Antropológicas. Oporto. 1998-. Semiannual. Anuário Católico de Portugal. Lisbon. Annual.
       ■ Archipélago. Revista do Instituto Universitário dos Açores. Punta Delgado. Semiannual. Architectural Digest. New York. Monthly. Archivum. Paris. Quarterly. Arqueologia. Oporto. Annual.
       ■ Arqueólogo Portugües, O. Lisbon. 1958-. Semiannual Arquivo das Colónias. Lisbon. 1917-33. Arquivo de Beja. Beja. Annual. Arquivo Histórico Portuguez. Lisbon.
       ■ Arquivos da Memória. Lisbon. 1997-. Semiannual.
       ■ Arquivos do Centro Cultural Portugües [Fundação Gulbenkian, Paris]. Paris. Annual.
       ■ Avante! Lisbon. Portuguese Communist Party. Daily. Biblos. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ Boletim da Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa. Lisbon Quarterly; Bimonthly.
       ■ Boletim de Estudos Operários. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ Boletim do Arquivo Histórico Militar. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ Boletim do Instituto Histórico da Ilha Terceira. Angra do Heroismo, Terceira, Azores Islands. Semiannual. Boletim Geral do Ultramar. Lisbon. Bracara Augusta. Braga. Brigantia. Lisbon. 1990-. Semiannual.
       ■ British Bulletin of Publications on Latin America... Portugal and Spain. London. 1949-. Semiannual. British Historical Society of Portugal. Annual Report and Review. Lisbon. Brotéria. Lisbon. Quarterly. Bulletin des Etudes Portugaises. Paris. Quarterly.
       ■ Cadernos de Arqueologia. Braga. Semiannual and annual. Monographs.
       ■ Cadernos do Noroeste. Braga, University of Minho. Semiannual.
       ■ Camões Center Quarterly. New York.
       ■ Capital, A. Lisbon. Daily newspaper.
       ■ Clio. Lisbon. 1996-. Annual.
       ■ Clio-Arqueologia. Lisbon. 1983-. Annual.
       ■ Colóquio/ Artes. Lisbon. Gulbenkian Foundation. Quarterly.
       ■ Colóquio/ Letras. Lisbon. Gulbenkian Foundation. Quarterly.
       ■ Conimbriga. Coimbra.
       ■ Cultura. London. Quarterly.
       ■ Democracia e Liberdade. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ Dia, O. Lisbon. Daily newspaper.
       ■ Diário da Câmara de Deputados. Lisbon. 1911-26.
       ■ Diário de Lisboa. Lisbon. Daily newspaper.
       ■ Diário de Notícias. Lisbon. Daily newspaper of record.
       ■ Diário do Governo. Lisbon. 1910-74.
       ■ Diário do Senado. Lisbon. 1911-26.
       ■ Documentos. Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril. Coimbra. Quarterly.
       ■ E-Journal of Portuguese History. Providence, R.I. Quarterly.
       ■ Economia. Lisbon. Quarterly.
       ■ Economia e Finanças. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ Economia e Sociologia. Lisbon. Quarterly.
       ■ Economist, The. London. Weekly magazine.
       ■ Estratégia Internacional. Lisbon.
       ■ Estudos Contemporâneos. Lisbon.
       ■ Estudos de economia. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ Estudos históricos e económicos. Oporto. Semiannual.
       ■ Estudos Medievais. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ Estudos Orientais. Lisbon, 1990. Semiannual.
       ■ Ethnologia. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ Ethnologie Française. Paris. Quarterly.
       ■ Ethnos. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ European History Quarterly. Lancaster, U.K., 1970-. Quarterly.
       ■ Expresso. Lisbon. 1973-. Weekly newspaper.
       ■ Facts and Reports. Amsterdam. Collected press clippings.
       ■ Financial Times. London. Daily; special supplements on Portugal.
       ■ Finisterra. Lisbon. Quarterly.
       ■ Flama. Lisbon. Monthly magazine.
       ■ Garcia de Orta. Lisbon. Quarterly.
       ■ Gaya. Oporto. Semiannual.
       ■ Hispania. USA. Quarterly.
       ■ Hispania Antiqua. Madrid. Semiannual.
       ■ Hispanic American Historical Review. Chapel Hill, N.C. Quarterly. História. Lisbon. Monthly.
       ■ Iberian Studies. Nottingham, U.K. Quarterly or Semiannual.
       ■ Indicadores económicos. Lisbon. Bank of Portugal. Monthly. Ingenium. Revista da Ordem dos Engenheiros. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ International Journal of Iberian Studies. London and Glasgow, 1987-. Semiannual.
       ■ Illustração Portugueza. Lisbon. 1911-1930s. Magazine. Instituto, O. Coimbra. Annual.
       ■ Itinerário. Leiden (Netherlands). 1976-. Semiannual. Jornal, O. Lisbon. Weekly newspaper. Jornal de Letras, O. Lisbon. Weekly culture supplement. Jornal do Fundão. Fundão, Beira Alta. Weekly newspaper. Journal of European Economic History. Quarterly.
       ■ Journal of Modern History. Chicago, Ill. Quarterly.
       ■ Journal of Southern European Society & Politics. Athens, Greece. 1995-. Quarterly.
       ■ Journal of the American Portuguese Culture Society. New York. 1966-81. Semiannual or annual. Ler História. Lisbon. Quarterly. Lisboa: Revista Municipal. Lisbon. Quarterly.
       ■ Lusíada: Revista trimestral de ciência e cultura. Lisbon. 1989-. Three times a year.
       ■ Lusitania Sacra. Lisbon. Quarterly.
       ■ Luso-Americano, O. Newark, N.J. Weekly newspaper.
       ■ Luso-Brazilian Review. Madison, Wisc. 1964-. Semiannual.
       ■ Lusotopie. Paris. 1995-. Annual.
       ■ Nova economia. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ Numismática. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ Oceanos. Lisbon. Bimonthly.
       ■ Ocidente. Lisbon. Monthly.
       ■ Olisipo. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ Ordem do Exército. Lisbon. 1926-74. Monthly.
       ■ Penélope. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ Política Internacional. Lisbon. 1990-. Quarterly.
       ■ Portugal. Annuário Estatístico do Ultramar. Lisbon. 1950-74.
       ■ Portugal em Africa. Lisbon. 1894-1910. Bimonthly.
       ■ Portugal socialista. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ Portugália. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ Portuguese & Colonial Bulletin. London. 1961-74. Quarterly. Portuguese Studies. London. 1985-. Annual.
       ■ Portuguese Studies Newsletter. Durham, N.H. 1976-90. Semiannual.
       ■ Portuguese Studies Review. Durham, N.H. 1991-2001; Trent, Ont. 2002-. Semiannual.
       ■ Portuguese Times. New Bedford, Mass. Weekly newspaper.
       ■ Povo Livre. Lisbon. Monthly.
       ■ Primeiro do Janeiro. Oporto. Daily newspaper.
       ■ Quaderni Portoghesi. Rome. 1974-. Semiannual.
       ■ Race. A Journal of Race and Group Relations. London. Quarterly.
       ■ Recherches en Anthropologie au Portugal. Paris. 1995-. Annual.
       ■ República, A. Lisbon. Daily newspaper.
       ■ Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais. Coimbra. Quarterly.
       ■ Revista da Biblioteca Nacional. Lisbon. Quarterly.
       ■ Revista da Faculdade de Letras. Lisbon. Quarterly. Revista da Faculdade de Letras. Oporto. Semiannual. Revista da Universidade de Coimbra. Coimbra. Quarterly. Revista de Ciência Política. Lisbon. Semiannual. Revista de Ciências Agrárias. Lisbon. Semiannual. Revista de Economia. Lisbon. 1953-. Three times a year. Revista de Estudos Anglo-Portugueses. Lisbon. Annual. Revista de Estudos Históricos. Rio de Janeiro. Semiannual. Revista de Guimarães. Guimarães. Semiannual. Revista de História. São Paulo, Brazil. Semiannual. Revista de História Económica e Social. Oporto. Semiannual. Revista de Infanteria. Lisbon. Quarterly.
       ■ Revista Internacional de Estudos Africanos. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ Revista Lusitana. Lisbon. Quarterly.
       ■ Revista Militar. Lisbon. Quarterly.
       ■ Revista Portuguesa de História. Coimbra. Quarterly.
       ■ Sábado. Lisbon. Weekly news magazine.
       ■ Seara Nova. Lisbon. 1921-. Bimonthly.
       ■ Século, O. Lisbon. Daily Newspaper.
       ■ Selecções do Readers Digest. Lisbon. Monthly.
       ■ Semanário económico. Lisbon. Weekly.
       ■ Setúbal arqueologica. Setúbal. Semiannual.
       ■ Sigila. Paris. 1998-. Semiannual.
       ■ Sintria. Sintra. Annual.
       ■ Sociedade e Território. Revista de estudos urbanos e regionais. Oporto. 1986-. Quarterly.
       ■ Studia. Lisbon. Quarterly.
       ■ Studium Generale. Oporto. Quarterly.
       ■ Tempo, O. Lisbon. Daily newspaper.
       ■ Tempo e o Modo, O. Lisbon. 1968-74. Quarterly.
       ■ Trabalhos de Antropologia E Etnologia. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ Trabalhos de Arqueologia. Lisbon. Annual.
       ■ Translation. New York. Quarterly.
       ■ Ultramar. Lisbon. 1960-71. Quarterly.
       ■ Veja. São Paulo. Weekly news magazine.
       ■ Veleia. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ Vida Mundial. Lisbon. Weekly news magazine.
       ■ West European Politics. London. Quarterly.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > INTRODUCTION

  • 11 Vieira, Álvaro Siza

    (1933-)
       Architect of world renown, designer of many public buildings, including the Portuguese Pavilion at Lisbon's Expo '98, Portugal's end-of-the-century world's fair. Born in Matosinhos, near Oporto, from an early age Siza was fascinated with the art of drawing, a lifetime's vocation. Trained as an architect at the Faculty of Architecture, University of Oporto, Siza began to win commissions for various public places, including opportunities to design parks, churches, swimming pools, and residences of various kinds. Following early work in sculpture and watercolor, he devoted his professional efforts solely to creating a new architecture, under the influence of Oporto instructors as well as foreign architects, including the work of the revolutionary Le Corbusier of France. Among his more emblematic, minimalist works is the Church of Marco de Canavezes. The recipient of the most sought-after architectural prizes from various countries, and the architect of Expo '98's impressive Portuguese Pavilion, Siza's greatest professional honor to date is the equivalent of a Nobel Prize in architecture, the coveted Pritzker Prize, from the Hyatt Foundation, in Chicago.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Vieira, Álvaro Siza

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